{"id":761,"date":"2025-01-05T22:43:41","date_gmt":"2025-01-05T14:43:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.laixuexila.com\/?p=761"},"modified":"2025-01-11T16:17:08","modified_gmt":"2025-01-11T08:17:08","slug":"python%e7%88%ac%e8%99%ab%e8%af%a6%e8%a7%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.laixuexila.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/05\/python%e7%88%ac%e8%99%ab%e8%af%a6%e8%a7%a3\/","title":{"rendered":"Python \u722c\u866b\u8be6\u89e3\uff1a\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u8fdb\u9636\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6307\u5357"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

Python \u722c\u866b\u662f\u5229\u7528 Python \u7f16\u5199\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u6293\u53d6\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u63d0\u53d6\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u7f51\u9875\u4e0a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u722c\u866b\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u62ec\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1a\u53d1\u8d77\u8bf7\u6c42\u3001\u83b7\u53d6\u7f51\u9875\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u89e3\u6790\u7f51\u9875\u6570\u636e\u3001\u5b58\u50a8\u7ed3\u679c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5904\u7406\u53cd\u722c\u866b\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f Python \u722c\u866b\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4ece\u57fa\u7840\u5230\u8fdb\u9636\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

1. \u722c\u866b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1.1 \u53d1\u8d77 HTTP \u8bf7\u6c42<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u722c\u866b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u901a\u8fc7 HTTP \u8bf7\u6c42\u8bbf\u95ee\u7f51\u9875\uff0c\u83b7\u53d6\u7f51\u9875\u5185\u5bb9\u3002Python \u4e2d\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u53d1\u8d77 HTTP \u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u662f requests<\/code> \u5e93\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b89\u88c5 requests \u5e93<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

pip install requests<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u53d1\u8d77 GET \u8bf7\u6c42<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
import requests\n\nurl = \"http:\/\/example.com\"\nresponse = requests.get(url)\nprint(response.text)  # \u6253\u5370\u7f51\u9875\u5185\u5bb9<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u53d1\u8d77 POST \u8bf7\u6c42<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
data = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}\nresponse = requests.post(url, data=data)\nprint(response.text)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • requests.get(url)<\/code>\uff1a\u53d1\u9001 GET \u8bf7\u6c42\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • requests.post(url, data)<\/code>\uff1a\u53d1\u9001 POST \u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4ea4\u8868\u5355\u6216\u6570\u636e\u7684\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    1.2 \u89e3\u6790\u7f51\u9875\u6570\u636e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \u83b7\u53d6\u7f51\u9875\u5185\u5bb9\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u63d0\u53d6\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684 Python HTML \u89e3\u6790\u5e93\u662f BeautifulSoup<\/code> \u548c lxml<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \u5b89\u88c5 BeautifulSoup \u548c lxml<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    pip install beautifulsoup4 lxml<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u4f7f\u7528 BeautifulSoup \u89e3\u6790 HTML<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup\n\nhtml_content = response.text\nsoup = BeautifulSoup(html_content, 'lxml')\n\n# \u83b7\u53d6\u6240\u6709 a \u6807\u7b7e\u7684 href \u5c5e\u6027\nlinks = soup.find_all('a')\nfor link in links:\n    print(link.get('href'))<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • BeautifulSoup<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a Python \u5e93\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece HTML \u6216 XML \u6587\u6863\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • soup.find_all('a')<\/code> \u7528\u6765\u67e5\u627e\u6240\u6709\u7684 <a><\/code> \u6807\u7b7e\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • link.get('href')<\/code> \u83b7\u53d6\u6bcf\u4e2a <a><\/code> \u6807\u7b7e\u7684 href<\/code> \u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u94fe\u63a5\u5730\u5740\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      1.3 \u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      \u722c\u53d6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u5b58\u50a8\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709 CSV \u6587\u4ef6\u3001JSON \u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff08\u5982 SQLite\u3001MySQL\uff09\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      \u5b58\u50a8\u4e3a CSV<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
      import csv\n\n# \u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u5230 CSV \u6587\u4ef6\ndata = [['name', 'url'], ['example', 'http:\/\/example.com']]\nwith open('output.csv', mode='w', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as file:\n    writer = csv.writer(file)\n    writer.writerows(data)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      \u5b58\u50a8\u4e3a JSON<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
      import json\n\ndata = {'name': 'example', 'url': 'http:\/\/example.com'}\nwith open('output.json', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as file:\n    json.dump(data, file, ensure_ascii=False, indent=4)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      \u5b58\u50a8\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff08SQLite \u793a\u4f8b\uff09<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
      import sqlite3\n\n# \u8fde\u63a5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\nconn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')\ncursor = conn.cursor()\n\n# \u521b\u5efa\u8868\ncursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS links (name TEXT, url TEXT)''')\n\n# \u63d2\u5165\u6570\u636e\ncursor.execute('''INSERT INTO links (name, url) VALUES (?, ?)''', ('example', 'http:\/\/example.com'))\n\n# \u63d0\u4ea4\u5e76\u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5\nconn.commit()\nconn.close()<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      1.4 \u53cd\u722c\u866b\u673a\u5236\u4e0e\u5e94\u5bf9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      \u8bb8\u591a\u7f51\u7ad9\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u6293\u53d6\uff0c\u4f1a\u91c7\u53d6\u53cd\u722c\u866b\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u53cd\u722c\u866b\u63aa\u65bd\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      • IP \u9650\u5236<\/strong>\uff1a\u540c\u4e00 IP \u8bbf\u95ee\u9891\u7e41\u4f1a\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • User-Agent \u9a8c\u8bc1<\/strong>\uff1a\u68c0\u6d4b\u8bf7\u6c42\u5934\u4e2d\u7684 User-Agent\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6a21\u62df\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • \u9a8c\u8bc1\u7801<\/strong>\uff1a\u8981\u6c42\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7801\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • JavaScript \u6e32\u67d3<\/strong>\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7 JavaScript \u52a8\u6001\u52a0\u8f7d\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u722c\u866b\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u83b7\u53d6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
        \u5e94\u5bf9\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        1. \u66f4\u6362 User-Agent<\/strong>
          \u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u8bf7\u6c42\u5934\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7f6e User-Agent<\/code> \u6765\u4f2a\u88c5\u6210\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
             headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla\/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit\/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome\/91.0.4472.124 Safari\/537.36'}\n   response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          1. \u4f7f\u7528\u4ee3\u7406 IP<\/strong>
            \u901a\u8fc7\u4ee3\u7406 IP \u6765\u907f\u514d\u56e0\u9891\u7e41\u8bbf\u95ee\u88ab\u5c01\u7981 IP\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
               proxies = {\n       'http': 'http:\/\/10.10.1.10:3128',\n       'https': 'https:\/\/10.10.1.10:1080',\n   }\n   response = requests.get(url, proxies=proxies)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            1. \u6a21\u62df\u767b\u5f55\u4e0e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7801\u7834\u89e3<\/strong>
              \u5bf9\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u767b\u5f55\u6216\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7801\u7684\u7f51\u7ad9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5e93\u5982 Selenium<\/code> \u6a21\u62df\u767b\u5f55\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528 OCR \u6280\u672f\u7834\u89e3\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            2. \u4f7f\u7528 Selenium\uff08\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\uff09<\/strong>
              Selenium<\/code> \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406 JavaScript \u6e32\u67d3\u7684\u7f51\u9875\u3002 \u5b89\u88c5 Selenium \u548c WebDriver<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                 pip install selenium<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
              \u4e0b\u8f7d\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u9a71\u52a8\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 ChromeDriver\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7 Selenium \u63a7\u5236\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                 from selenium import webdriver\n\n   driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='path\/to\/chromedriver')\n   driver.get('http:\/\/example.com')\n   content = driver.page_source\n   driver.quit()<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
              \u8fd9\u5c06\u6a21\u62df\u7528\u6237\u5728\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u80fd\u591f\u5904\u7406 JavaScript \u52a8\u6001\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u7f51\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              \n\n\n\n
              2. \u722c\u866b\u8fdb\u9636<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
              2.1 \u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u722c\u866b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
              \u5f53\u722c\u53d6\u7684\u7f51\u9875\u91cf\u5f88\u5927\u65f6\uff0c\u5355\u673a\u722c\u866b\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u6ee1\u8db3\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u722c\u866b\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u4e2a\u722c\u866b\u8282\u70b9\u534f\u540c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u722c\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              \u5e38\u7528\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u722c\u866b\u6846\u67b6\uff1a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              • Scrapy<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684 Python \u722c\u866b\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u722c\u866b\u3001\u8bf7\u6c42\u8c03\u5ea6\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Celery + Redis<\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 Celery \u548c Redis \u7ed3\u5408\u5b9e\u73b0\u4efb\u52a1\u961f\u5217\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u722c\u866b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                2.2 Scrapy \u6846\u67b6<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                Scrapy \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a Python \u722c\u866b\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u722c\u53d6\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                \u5b89\u88c5 Scrapy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
                pip install scrapy<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                \u521b\u5efa Scrapy \u9879\u76ee<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
                scrapy startproject myproject<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                Scrapy \u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\u9879\u76ee\u76ee\u5f55\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u722c\u866b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                \u5b9a\u4e49 Spider<\/strong>
                \u5728 Scrapy \u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\uff0cspiders<\/code> \u662f\u7528\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u722c\u866b\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u6293\u53d6\u9875\u9762\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u722c\u866b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                import scrapy\n\nclass MySpider(scrapy.Spider):\n    name = 'myspider'\n    start_urls = ['http:\/\/example.com']\n\n    def parse(self, response):\n        title = response.xpath('\/\/title\/text()').get()\n        yield {'title': title}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                \u8fd0\u884c Scrapy \u722c\u866b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
                scrapy crawl myspider<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                2.3 \u722c\u866b\u8c03\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5b58\u50a8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                \u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u8bf7\u6c42\u8fc7\u4e8e\u9891\u7e41\u5bfc\u81f4\u5c01\u7981\u6216IP\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u722c\u866b\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u52a0\u5165 \u5ef6\u65f6<\/strong>\u3001\u961f\u5217<\/strong>\u7b49\u529f\u80fd\u6765\u8c03\u5ea6\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 Scrapy<\/code> \u5185\u7f6e\u7684\u8c03\u5ea6\u5668\u6216\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                \n\n\n\n
                3. \u722c\u866b\u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u89e3\u51b3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                3.1 \u8bf7\u6c42\u9891\u7387\u8fc7\u9ad8\u5bfc\u81f4 IP \u88ab\u5c01\u7981<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                  \n
                • \u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff1a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u4f7f\u7528\u4ee3\u7406\u6c60\uff1a\u5b9a\u671f\u66f4\u6362\u4ee3\u7406 IP\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bf7\u6c42\u5ef6\u65f6\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 time.sleep()<\/code> \u6216 requests<\/code> \u4e2d\u7684 delay<\/code> \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5ef6\u8fdf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                  3.2 \u6570\u636e\u63d0\u53d6\u56f0\u96be<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                    \n
                  • \u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff1a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • \u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3001XPath\u3001CSS \u9009\u62e9\u5668\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • \u5982\u679c\u7f51\u9875\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u7531 JavaScript \u52a8\u6001\u751f\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 Selenium<\/code> \u6216 Pyppeteer<\/code> \u6765\u6a21\u62df\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                    3.3 \u53cd\u722c\u866b\u673a\u5236<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                      \n
                    • \u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff1a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5408\u9002\u7684 headers\uff0c\u6a21\u62df\u6b63\u5e38\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • \u4f7f\u7528\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7801\u7834\u89e3\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528 OCR \u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                      3.4 \u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u95ee\u9898<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                        \n
                      • \u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff1a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • \u6570\u636e\u91cf\u5927\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff08\u5982 MySQL\u3001MongoDB\u3001SQLite\uff09\u5b58\u50a8\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • \u5982\u679c\u6570\u636e\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u671f\u6e05\u6d17\u6216\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 pandas \u7b49\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                        \n\n\n\n
                        \u603b\u7ed3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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